Those familiar with the Cmd.exe environment know how to run command shell scripts. These scripts are simply text files that have the .bat file name extension. Like batch files, you can create the Shell script files by using a text editor, such as Notepad. You can also use the Windows PowerShell Integrated Scripting Environment (ISE) to write scripts. The Windows PowerShell ISE provides a rich editing experience with debugging support, syntax coloring, selective execution, and more. The Shell script files use the .ps1 file name extension.

The Shell uses a root directory for script files when they are called. By default, the root directory is the <root drive>:\Program Files\Microsoft\Exchange Server\V14\bin directory. You can also verify the current PSHome directory on any computer running the Shell by running $PSHome at a command prompt. Both of these directories are in the PATH environment variable.

If a script file is saved to the root directory, you can call it by using the script name. If the script file is located somewhere other than the current location, the path and script name must be used. If the script file is located in the current location, the script name must be prefixed by the period backslash (.\) characters.

These examples show the command syntax requirements for calling three different scripts. These examples all use the Get-Date cmdlet, from three different locations.

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[PS] C:\>Get-Date-Script-A.ps1 Friday, January 20, 2006 3:13:01 PM

The script file Get-Date-Script-A.ps1 is located in the directory specified by $PSHhome and requires only the script name to run.

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[PS] C:\>c:\workingfolder\Get-Date-Script-B.ps1 Friday, January 20, 2006 3:13:25 PM

The script file Get-Date-Script-B.ps1 is located in the C:\workingfolder directory so the full path must be supplied to run.

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[PS] C:\>.\Get-Date-Script-C.ps1 Friday, January 20, 2006 3:13:40 PM

The script file Get-Date-Script-C.ps1 is located in the current location, C:\. Therefore, it must be prefixed with .\ to run.

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[PS] C:\>Get-Date-Script-C.ps1 The term 'Get-Date-Script-C.ps1' is not recognized as the name of a cmdlet, function, script file, or operable program. Check the spelling of the name, or if a path was included, verify that the path is correct and try again. At line:1 char:22 + Get-Date-Script-C.ps1 <<<< + CategoryInfo : ObjectNotFound: (Get-Date-Script-C.ps1:String) [], CommandNotFoundException + FullyQualifiedErrorId : CommandNotFoundException

In the last example, when this same script, Get-Date-Script-C.ps1, is called without the prefix .\, the expected results are shown.

As a best practice, always give script files a descriptive name and include comments in the script to describe its purpose and to identify each point of interest. Some information about the author should also be included in case someone running the script has questions about its use. Use the number sign (#) to start comment lines inside the script body.

If you want to run a script on a scheduled basis using the Windows Task Scheduler service, you can call the Shell and include the script that you want to run as a parameter. If you want to use Exchange cmdlets with your script, you must direct Windows PowerShell to connect to a server running Exchange and load the Exchange cmdlets you have access to. The shortcut you use to open the Shell does this automatically. To do this when you want to run a script that contains Exchange cmdlets, you must direct Windows PowerShell to run the scripts that make this connection. This syntax is required to open Windows PowerShell, connect to an Exchange server, and run your script from the Cmd.exe command.

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PowerShell.exe -command ". 'D:\Program Files\Microsoft\Exchange Server\V14\bin\RemoteExchange.ps1'; Connect-ExchangeServer -auto; <path to your script>"

This example runs the script RetrieveMailboxes.ps1 from C:\My Scripts.

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PowerShell.exe -command ". 'D:\Program Files\Microsoft\Exchange Server\V14\bin\RemoteExchange.ps1'; Connect-ExchangeServer -auto; C:\My Scripts\RetrieveMailboxes.ps1"

For additional options to use when you call the Shell from the Cmd.exe environment, type PowerShell.exe /?

In Microsoft Exchange Server 2010, you can use the Exchange Management Console (EMC) to view detailed information about specific shell commands used to perform certain tasks. When you run a wizard in the EMC, the wizard takes the information that you entered and creates a shell command that is then run by the computer. You can copy and paste this command directly into the Shell or copy it into a text editor where you can modify it. If you examine how the EMC creates commands, you can obtain a better understanding of how to construct or modify those commands to suit your future needs.

For example, if you create a mailbox for the user David Strome, the following information is displayed on the Completion page of the New Mailbox wizard.

The information displayed on the Completion page gives you an idea of the information that you must have to make sure a similar command that you run in the Shell is completed successfully. On the Completion page, press CTRL+C to copy this information to the Clipboard. Then you can use a text editor to examine the command to determine what must be changed to add more mailboxes. You can also customize the command so that it can be used as part of a script that consumes a comma-separated values (CSV) file or another input source to automate creating many mailboxes.

In addition to the wizard Completion page, the EMC also provides the Exchange Management Shell Command Log, which when enabled, logs every command that the EMC runs. The output of this log can be saved so that you can study the commands the EMC uses as it retrieves and saves information. For more information, see Using the Exchange Management Shell Command Log to Track Tasks Performed in the EMC.

When you create scripts, you should always test them in a lab environment before you apply them in your production environment. As you test your scripts in your lab, and as you deploy them in your production environment, you can use the WhatIf parameter that's available on many cmdlets included in the Shell to verify that your script performs as expected. The WhatIf parameter instructs the command to which it is applied to run, but only to display which objects would be affected by running the command and what changes would be made to those objects, without actually changing any of those objects.

For more information about the WhatIf parameter, see WhatIf, Confirm, and ValidateOnly Switches.

Scripts may not work as expected for many reasons. It can be difficult to determine where the problem is and what's wrong. The Shell can help you locate general syntax errors by reporting the line and character at the point of failure. When the syntax of a script is correct but its behavior is unexpected, it can be much more difficult to diagnose the problem. The Shell includes simple debugging functionality to troubleshoot script files by examining each step that the script makes as it executes. This functionality is called tracing.

To enable tracing and examine each command step in a script, use the Set-PSDebug cmdlet with the Trace parameter set to a value of 1. To examine each step and each variable assignment as they are made, set the Trace parameter to a value of 2. To turn tracing off, set the value of the Trace parameter to 0 (zero).

To examine each command in a script line by line, use the Set-PSDebug cmdlet with the Step parameter. At each step, you will be prompted to continue the operation. The following choices are available in step mode.

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[Y] Yes (continue to the next step) [A] Yes to All (continue to the end of the script) [N] No (stop this step) [L] No to All (stop all remaining steps) [S] Suspend (suspend at this point and drop to a prompt)

Suspend lets you exit to a prompt where you can run any command, for example, to check or set values on an object before the script can access it. When you are ready to resume script execution, type Exit, and control immediately returns to the point at which the script was suspended.