Topic Last Modified: 2011-03-17
PSTN Gateways
PSTN gateways are third-party hardware components that translate signaling and media between the Enterprise Voice infrastructure and the PSTN, either directly or through connection to SIP trunks. In either topology, the gateway terminates the PSTN. It is isolated in its own subnet and is connected to the enterprise network through the Mediation Server.
Three changes to the Microsoft Lync Server 2010 Mediation Server make gateway planning simpler and more flexible, scalable, and reliable. First, relieving Mediation Server of having to process media frees bandwidth so that a single Mediation Server can route calls through multiple gateways. Second, Mediation Server is now collocated by default on each Front End Server so that a Front End pool is also a pool of Mediation Servers. This collocation provides improved scalability, greater flexibility, and improved call handling under heavy loads. Third, gateways support DNS load balancing, which improves reliability, especially when the Mediation Server is collocated.
An enterprise with multiple sites would typically deploy one or more gateways at each site. Branch sites can connect to the PSTN either through a gateway, or through a Survivable Branch Appliance, which combines gateway and servers in a single box. If branch sites use a gateway, both a Registrar and Mediation Server are required on site unless the WAN link is resilient. One or more Mediation Servers, which are collocated on Front End Servers, can route calls for the one or more gateways at each site. We recommend that the Registrar, Mediation Server, and gateway required on site are deployed as a Survivable Branch Appliance.
Determining the number, size, and location of PSTN gateways is perhaps the most important and expensive decision you must make when planning your Enterprise Voice infrastructure.
The main questions to consider are as follows. No one of these questions can be answered independently of the others.
- How many PSTN gateways are needed? The answer depends on the
number of users, the anticipated number of simultaneous calls
(traffic load), and the number of sites (each site needs one).
- What size should the gateways be? The answer depends on the
number of users at the site and on the traffic load.
- Where should the gateways be located? The answer depends in
part on the topology and in part on the geographic distribution of
your organization.
You must also consider your gateway topology options.
Multiple Gateway Support
The Mediation Servers in a Lync Server 2010 pool can route calls through multiple gateways, session border controllers (SBCs) provided by Internet telephony service providers, or a combination of the two. Additionally, multiple Mediation Servers in the pool can interact with a single gateway. When an internal user places a PSTN call, outbound routing logic on the Front End pool chooses which Mediation Server and gateway combination to use out of all possible combinations that may be available for routing that particular call. With DNS load balancing, if a call fails to reach a gateway due to an issue with a particular Mediation Server in the pool, the call will be retried to an alternate Mediation Server in the pool.
For details about planning for multiple gateways, see Multiple Gateway Support.
For details about other outbound routing enhancements, see Voice Routes.
Gateway Topologies
When you consider the fundamental questions of gateway deployment, take the following approach:
- Count the sites at which you want to provide PSTN connectivity
by using Enterprise Voice.
- Estimate the traffic at each site (number of users and average
number of calls per hour per user).
- Deploy one or more gateways at each site to handle the
anticipated traffic.
The resulting distributed gateway topology is shown in the following figure.
With this topology, calls among workers at each site and between sites are all routed over your intranet. Calls to the PSTN are routed over the enterprise IP network to the gateways that are closest to the location of the destination numbers.But what if your organization supports dozens or hundreds or even thousands of sites spread across one or more continents, as many financial institutions and other large enterprises do? In such cases, deploying a separate gateway at each site is impractical.
To address this issue, many large companies prefer to deploy one or a few large telephony central sites, as shown in the following figure.
In this topology, several large gateways sufficient to accommodate the anticipated user load are deployed at each central site. All calls to users in the enterprise are forwarded by the company's telephone service provider to a central site. Routing logic at the central site determines whether the call should be routed over the intranet or to the PSTN.
Gateway Location
Gateway location may also determine the types of gateways you choose and how they are configured. There are dozens of PSTN protocols, none of which is a worldwide standard. If all your gateways are located in a single country/region, this is not an issue, but if you locate gateways in several countries/regions, each must be configured according to the PSTN standards of that country/region. Moreover, gateways that are certified for operation in, say, Canada, may not be certified in India, Brazil, or the European Union.
Gateway Size and Number
The PSTN gateways that most organizations will consider deploying range in size from 2 to as many as 960 ports. (There are even larger gateways, but these are used mainly by telephone service providers.) When estimating the number of ports your organization requires, use the following guidelines:
- Organizations with light telephony usage (one PSTN call per
user per hour) should allocate one port for every 15 users. For
example, if you have 20 users, you will require a gateway with two
ports.
- Organizations with moderate telephony usage (two PSTN calls per
user per hour) should allocate one port for every 10 users. For
example, if you have 100 users, you will require a total of 10
ports allocated among one or more gateways.
- Organizations with heavy telephony usage (three or more PSTN
calls per user per hour) should allocate one port for every five
users. For example, if you have 47,000 users, you will require a
total of 9,400 ports allocated among at least 10 large
gateways.
- Additional ports can be acquired as the number of users or
amount of traffic in your organization increases.
For any given number of users you must support, you have the choice of deploying fewer, larger gateways, or smaller ones. As a rule, a minimum of two gateways for an organization is recommended to maintain availability if one gateway fails.
Each PSTN gateway that you deploy must have at least one corresponding Mediation Server.